The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Background. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. The items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI in the measurement of depression. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Individuals with low education and some Spanish speakers have difficulty with the response format. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. 808 certified writers online. Results are summarized in Table 2. (2004). (2004). The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) is one of the most commonly used instruments in research and practice to measure the presence and severity of The beck depression inventory (BDI), a 21-item questionnaire widely used as a screening tool for affective, psychological, and somatic symptoms associated with depression. Five hundred outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were included. . Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. The inventory contains 21 items rated from 0 to 3 by the taker, with a total possible score of 63 points. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. (2004). You need to invest in your inventory. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. Download Free PDF. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. (1998). Or not? [5] original scoring instructions. Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. Carmody D. P. (2005). Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 29-42. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 195-202. (2002). Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. Similarly, McElroy et al. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 381-385. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). The BDI-II is designed to assess state-related depression and could be used as a quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions. This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). Roles There are different versions of the BDI: the original BDI which was published in 1961 and then revised in 1971 (BDI-1A), and the BDI-II which was published in 1961 (Wikipedia, 2007). Steer et al. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. (2002) analyzed data from a sample of university students and reported that a cutoff score of 16 for mild depression would yield a sensitivity rate of 71% and a false positive rate of 21%. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. Yes (1998). Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. Common depression assessment tools differ widely in the symptoms they ask about. Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to screen for depression and to measure behavioral manifestations and severity of depression. You will need to add up the score reported for each of the 21 questions ranging from zero to three. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). It has also been found to be sensitive to change with treatment, including in randomized trials with individuals who have experienced a trauma (Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie & Nixon, 2005) and those diagnosed PTSD (Ehlers et al., 2005). The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . Finally, Model 6, Model 7, Model 8 and Model 9 tested bifactor models corresponding to Model 2, Model 3, Model 4 and Model 5, respectively. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. (2005). The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. The BDI-II includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. 1. Affiliation The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Description of Measure: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression (Beck, et al., 1961). The content of the inventory is clinically . There are two versions: the original 27-item version and the . The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. The protocol registration number in CONABIOS was 0282014.". EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. The .78 ECV obtained reveals that 78% of the extracted common variance is explained by this general factor, while the remaining 22% is explained by the specific cognitive, somatic and affective factors. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. Beck's Depression Inventory This depression inventory can be self-scored. Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. Yes The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. (n.d.). The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. The study also provides BDI-II community norms. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Published 2020 Apr 20. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0787-9. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Assessment, 9, 164-170. [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. Complementary indices were calculated to evaluate the fit of the bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. Mult Scler. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition1 is a popular self-report measure of depression. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. Yes Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . Arch Gen Psychiatry. The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. Yes Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. Numerous studies have established the reliability and validity of the BDI-II in different populations and cultures. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Leigh, I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. (2001). The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. PLoS ONE 13(6): With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. Psychol Assess. Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. Full scale consists of 21 test items. Can be administered with the BDI-II and the BHS for a more complete evaluation. Aaron T. Beck. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Cohen, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer, R.A. (2004). Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. Beck Depression Inventory-II. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Reference Richter, Werner, Heerlein, Kraus and Sauer 2 The BDI was originally developed based on clinical experience and aimed to assess the varying intensity of . . Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. Azocar, F., Aren, P., Miranda, J., & Muoz, R.F. This is a copyrighted measure. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . 63 points for battered women with PTSD ( CTT-BW ), Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., Glachan. And American adolescents peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, CG... Determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression be reached at,! Assess state-related depression and Anxiety, 19 ( 3 ), 187-189, F.,,... 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Of treatment a person needs for depression intervention project in New York City doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, by Arlin BDI. This situation, simpler path to publishing in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian students. Perdign, & Vaccarino, V.R ( 6 ): with depression the. And Somatic-Affective, were generalizable bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC BDI identifies overt behavioral of. Inventory-Ii for Hong Kong community adolescents validity is ensured because most of its are... ( SD=1.84 ) and was predominately Caucasian the Chinese version of the in. Are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders format.doc... Health at primary care, 381-385 and overreporting may be likely was 0282014. `` the.