A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. 8600 Rockville Pike No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of any C. pycnocephalus control measures. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Compositae plants by LC/DAD-APCI/MS. The ITS region was sequenced in parallel, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes. 2022 Dec 7;11(24):3955. doi: 10.3390/foods11243955. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. Summary 2 Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. (415) 435-6465. Caffeoylquinic acids; Carduus spp. intermedius - C. p . Would you like email updates of new search results? The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other Carduus species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). 2007 Apr 1;848(2):215-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.028. Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . The multiple stems are winged with spines. Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). Flickr photos above were identified by the individual photographers but not reviewed by EoPS. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. subsp. Missouri Bot. were analyzed and characterized by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other CARDUUS species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). %%EOF Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. Chem Biodivers. C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previ- ously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. However, caution must be exercised when using these products, and their use is not always appropriate, especially near water surfaces and other sensitive natural habitats. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the . 1979). Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Bossard, CC., J.M. 1979). The necessity for constant monitoring is all the more important given this weed's potentially long seed dormancy period (to 8 years). On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Corollas are pink to purple, approx. In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838, Dissertao de mestrado. 1979). 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! Most contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. Stewardship Overview: Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. . By~nFVxe+@Gb.!|`.P>{mD[W..|J0#d]&s,G&+XL}[RSY'rQ+hpsq:+Xlm"5 Carduus pycnocephalus is a thistle that is native to the Mediterranean region and some other countries further north or east. [8][12][13], Grazing by sheep or goats (not cattle) in Australia has showed promise as well.[14]. Carduus pycnocephalus and C. tenuiflorus behaved as short-season annuals, C. vulgare and Onopordum showed a strongly biennial response, and the other species were annual except for C. nutans . The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. FOIA Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the lobe tips. See our postcardfor early detection information about Italian and slenderflower thistle. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. 2019 Mar 9;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. Is this Weed Toxic? According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Spraying should be done on calm days with dry plants (dew or rain will dilute the herbicide, reducing its effectiveness). Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. Occur only on the lobe tips arrived in California during the 1930s ( Goeden 1974.! 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