Ahmad Rapanie, Cahyo Sulistianingsih, Ribuan Nata, "Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Beberapa Situs dan Temuannya", Museum Negeri Sumatera Selatan, Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tr, daughter of Dharmasetu. Direct link to Ruhi Kokje's post who was the ruler in the , Posted 3 years ago. The Srivijayan empire controlled the important Strait of Melaka (Malacca) which facilitated trade between China and India. The Formation of NATO. The Space Race. This could also work in the opposite direction with some native Srivijayan goods being mistaken as foreign commodities. Despite the naval confrontation between Java and Srivijaya, communication between the coastal governments of the Indian Ocean and China continued during this time, suggesting that the conflict did not always occur on the high seas, but was more likely to be confined to the estuaries and rivers around the Srivijayan capital of Palembang, the mouth of the Musi River and the Bangka Straits.[96]. Later, the naval strategy degenerated to raiding fleet. They have to die (i.e. are not afraid of dying). The Khmer Empire is a large nation situated in mainland South East Asia (Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, East Malaysia) and Katagalugan (Philippines). Srivijaya was also a religious centre in the region. Srivijaya' own historical documents, inscriptions in Old Malay, are limited to the second half of the 7th century. [39] The city of Chaiya's name may be derived from the Malay name "Cahaya" which means "light" or "radiance". It is located in the Plovdiv Province. All of them prepare and equip [themselves] with soldiers, equipment, and food. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. Omissions? Dewi Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratunga, a member of the Sailendra family who assumed the throne of Srivijaya around 792. [10] Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a hegemon in Southeast Asia. It was formed on the island of Sumatra, which had a strong influence on Southeast Asia. The Talang Tuwo inscription is also a siddhayatra inscription. A large portion of this empire is what is now known as Indonesia. The inscriptions uncover the hierarchical leadership system, in which the king is served by many other high-status officials. Srivijaya and its kings were instrumental in the spread of Buddhism as they established it in places they conquered like Java, Malaya, and other lands. Rajendra Chola's naval strike was a geostrategic manoeuvre. The Javanese invasion was ultimately unsuccessful. Chinese artworks were one of the main items traded in the region, spreading art styles enveloped in ceramics, pottery, fabrics, silk, and artworks. . build giant monuments effectively. This inscription was very likely used in a ceremonial sumpah (allegiance ritual). No hinterland creates for low archaeological visibility. [99], At the same time, the 12th century saw the beginning of Srivijaya's decline in maritime Southeast Asia and in the eyes of its foreign partners. The reason for the assault on Srivijaya and neighbouring areas appears to have been the interference with Indian shipping and mercantile interests seeking direct trading connections with southern China. Map of trade routes and extent of Chola influence. Bronson's model was based on the dendritic patterns of a drainage basin where its opening leads out to sea. It may be that cargo sourced from foreign regions accumulated in Srivijaya. It was a regional capital in the Srivijaya empire. However, a survey of the available information shows that such an assumption is incorrect. Palembang [1] [2] Dataran Kewu (di Jawa Tengah) Jambi. [43] Under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, the Melayu Kingdom became the first kingdom to be integrated into Srivijaya. It height of power was between the eighth and thirteenth century CE (800 - 1,300 years ago). Srivijaya University, established in 1960 in Palembang, was named after Srivijaya. After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became the next Maharaja of Srivijaya. More than one thousand Buddhist monks lived in the city, and Buddhist travelers were welcomed there to study Buddhist texts. was going(inside the Srivijaya Empire) and which cities were receiving these supplies. Zheng Hes ability to travel these distances indicates that the Srivijaya trade routes through the Malay Archipelago remained crucial to travel and exchange after the Srivijayan Empire ceased to exist. This is based on the discovery of Bumiayu temple ruin, a red brick Shivaist Hindu temple compound built and used between the 8th to 13th century CE. Ibu negara. Entrept port of Palembang and the islands of Indonesia Evidence on the island of Sumatra Indonesia! Other than the Kedukan Bukit inscription and other Srivijayan inscriptions, immediately to the west of modern Palembang city, a quantity of artefacts have been revealed through archaeological surveys commenced since the 20th century. Palembang and its relevance to the early Malay state suffered a great deal of controversy in terms of its evidence build-up through the archaeological record. Based on the Nalanda Inscription, it is known that Balaputradewa was the grandson of a Javanese king who came from the Syailendra family. Strategic Hamlet Program. The Berlin Blockade. When they put medicine on their body, they can't be hurt. [22] While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java, there is a distinct possibility that they may have referred to Sumatra instead. Melayu, also known as Jambi, was rich in gold and held in high esteem at the time. [29] By 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin had shown that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what is now Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia). This post is written especially for current students in GOVT 3443/ASIAN 3334, Southeast Asian Politics. The new maharaja was able to dispatch a tributary mission to China by 902. multiple red brick temples and building structures along the Batang Hari river. Srivijaya controlled the key Melaka Straits, between the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Indonesia, through which passed all sorts of luxury items such as spices, tortoiseshell, silk, jewels, camphor, and tropical woods. [6] Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th to the 12th century AD. Image credit: Posted 3 years ago. The settlement must also have access to both easy transportation and major interregional trade routes, crucial in a region with few resources. [22] The Arabs called it Zabag or Sribuza and the Khmers called it Melayu. According to the Chinese Song Dynasty book Zhu Fan Zhi,[75] written around 1225 by Zhao Rugua, the two most powerful and richest kingdoms in the Southeast Asian archipelago were Srivijaya and Java (Kediri), with the western part (Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java/Sunda) under Srivijaya's rule and the eastern part was under Kediri's domination. According to one theory proposed by Sri Lankan historian Senarath Paranavitana, Rajendra Chola I was murdered in 1044 AD, during his visit to Srivijaya by Purandara, on the order of Samara Vijayatunggavarman, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman's brother. [122] The Bumiayu temple site is located by the banks of Lematang River, a tributary of Musi River. They took care of one another and would receive the same treatment in kind. Friedrich Hirth and W.W.Rockhill, (1911), India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel: p.41, Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the expansion Islam 7th11th centuries by Andr Wink p. 226. The Srivijayan historiography was acquired, composed and established from two main sources: the Chinese historical accounts and the Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been discovered and deciphered in the region. Srivijaya's main foreign interest was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with China which lasted from the Tang to the Song dynasty. Therefore, neighboring countries are aligned with it. Then in 1225 Chau Ju-kua mentioned that Palembang (Srivijaya) was a vassal kingdom that belonged to Sanfotsi. Direct link to dawson.wheeler's post what were the gender role, Posted 2 years ago. With its naval power, the empire managed to suppress piracy along the Malacca strait, making Srivjayan entrepots the port of choice for traders. This possibly occurred in the 680s. It was formed on the island of Sumatra, which had a strong influence on Southeast Asia. After sojourning for about two years in China, the envoy learned that his country had been attacked by She-po (Java) which made him unable to return home. [4]:142143 His navy sailed swiftly to Sumatra using monsoon winds, made a stealth attack and raided Srivijaya's 14 ports. Corrections? Due to its location, the Srivijaya developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. For example, an inscription detailing a speech from a park dedication in 684 CE depicts a Srivijayan king, Sri Jayanasa, as a. Srivijayan bronze torso statue of Boddhisattva Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara), eighth century CE (Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand). Srivijaya has its own meaning according to language. [73] The Chola expeditions as well as the changing trade routes weakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadership of Srivijaya from the 11th century onwards.[74]. [22] While the Javanese called them Suvarnabhumi, Suvarnadvipa, Melayu, or Malayu. They also presided over harvesting resources from their respective regions for export. [106] A complex, stratified, cosmopolitan and prosperous society with refined tastes in art, literature and culture, with complex set of rituals, influenced by Mahayana Buddhist faith; blossomed in the ancient Srivijayan society. K Zhu fan zhi also states that Java (Kediri) was ruled by a maharaja and included the following "dependencies": Pai-hua-yuan (Pacitan), Ma-tung (Mataram), Ta-pen (Tumapel, now Malang), Hi-ning (Dieng), Jung-ya-lu (Hujung Galuh, now Surabaya), Tung-ki[ii] (Jenggi, West Papua), Ta-kang (Sumba), Huang-ma-chu (Southwest Papua), Ma-li (Bali), Kulun[iii] (Gurun, identified as Gorong or Sorong in West Papua or an island in Nusa Tenggara), Tan-jung-wu-lo (Tanjungpura in modern-day West Kalimantan, Borneo), Ti-wu (Timor), Pingya-i (Banggai in Sulawesi) and Wu-nu-ku (Maluku). The Telaga Batu inscription, discovered in Sabokingking, eastern Palembang, is also a siddhayatra inscription, from the 7th century. [10] In 9th to 10th century, Srivijaya maintained close relations with the Pala Empire in Bengal, and an 860 Nalanda inscription records that Maharaja Balaputra of Srivijaya dedicated a monastery at the Nalanda university in Pala territory. For example, a previously suzerained kadatuan over time might rise in prestige and power, so that eventually its ruler could lay claim to be the maharaja of the central kadatuan. It is assumed that China and Srivijaya may have had an exclusive ceramics trade relationship because particular ceramic shards can only be found at their point of origin, in Guangzhou, or in Indonesia, but nowhere else along the trade route. 5. [127] However, during the reign of Rajendra Chola I the relationship deteriorated as the Chola Dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities. Internal competition among Malay groups of different river systems have been documented by Chinese dynastic records. The polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing further administrative integration. A portion of their revenue was required to be paid to the king. The accumulation of particular foreign goods that were easily accessible and in large supply might have given the impression they were products of Srivijaya. [4]:130,132,141,144, The contributary factors in the decline of Srivijaya were foreign piracy and raids that disrupted trade and security in the region. [93], Srivijaya-Palembang's significance both as a center for trade and for the practice of Vajrayana Buddhism has been established by Arab and Chinese historical records over several centuries. The strike took Srivijaya by surprise and unprepared; they first ransacked the capital city of Palembang and then swiftly moved on to other ports including Kadaram (modern Kedah).[56]. [6] According to Cds, at the end of the 13th century, the empire "had ceased to exist caused by the simultaneous pressure on its two flanks of Siam and Java. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist Pala of Bengal, as well as with the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East. [73] In 1079 in particular, an ambassador from Jambi and Palembang each visited China. [58][59] This invasion forced Srivijaya to make peace with the Javanese kingdom of Kahuripan. [Hence it is regarded as] the elder of the various states (i.e. According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Sri Vijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram (Kedah) after the naval expedition of 1067 AD and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne. the persons onboard the merchant ships have to be killed). By then, Malay language become lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago.[109][110][82]. [87], Some historians believe that the Srivijayan core port may have initially been the Musi but then it moved to Jambi and nearby riverine centers in the 11th century. An aerial photograph taken in 1984 near Palembang (in what is now Srivijaya Archaeological Park) revealed the remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds, and artificial islands, suggesting the location of Srivijaya's urban centre. [124] Its location was instrumental in developing itself as a major connecting port between China and the Middle East to Southeast Asia. [4]:108. They were the parents of at least 3 sons and 1 daughter. 23, Essays Offered to G.H. On the other hand, no comparable temple or building structure ever discovered in Palembang. Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with competitor river systems such as the Batang Hari River, centred in Jambi. [69], There is also evidence to suggest that Kulottunga Chola, the maternal grandson of emperor Rajendra Chola I, in his youth (1063) was in Sri Vijaya,[4]:148 restoring order and maintaining Chola influence in that area. He was possibly the progenitor of the Sailendra family. It took about half a year from either direction to reach Srivijaya which was a far more effective and efficient use of manpower and resources. [33] The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, and stretches 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, while 80 mounds (menapos) of temple ruins, are not yet restored. Their accomplished artistry was evidenced from a number of Srivijayan Art Mahayana Buddhist statues discovered in the region. Gender roles and relations/patriarchy Family and kinship Political Type of government Role of the government Who rules? It adhered to Mahayana Buddhism and soon became the stopping point for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India. Foreign traders stopped to trade their cargo in Srivijaya with other merchants from Southeast Asia and beyond. The 13th century Chinese account confirmed this; in his Zhu Fan Zhi, Zhao Rukuo mentioned, "The residents of Sanfo-tsi (Srivijaya) live scattered outside the city on the water, within rafts lined with reeds." If a Chinese priest wishes to go to the West in order to hear (lectures) and read (the original), he had better stay here one or two years and practise the proper rules and then proceed to Central India. Many of this armed forces gathered under the Srivijayan rule would have been the sea people, referred to generally as the orang laut. Even though we dont have much political evidence about the scope of the Srivijaya Empire, records of trade between the Srivijayans and the Chinese make it clear that Srivijaya was a key economic actor. In the region of Chaiya, there is clear evidence of Srivijayan influence seen in artwork inspired by Mahayana Buddhism. [6] After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten. At times, the Chola seafaring led to outright plunder and conquest as far as Southeast Asia. The 2013 film Gending Sriwijaya for example, took place three centuries after the fall of Srivijaya, telling the story about the court intrigue amidst the effort to revive the fallen empire. Eventually these practices coalesce into systems, which become religions. Such a model was proposed to challenge city concepts of ancient urban centers in Southeast Asia and basic postulates themselves such as regions found in the South, like Palembang, based their achievements in correlation with urbanization. The underwater artifacts must be examined and hopefully, they can shed light on the Srivijaya kingdom and its disappearance. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the attacks were probably caused by Srivijaya's attempts to throw obstacles in the way of the Chola trade with the East or, more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra Chola to extend his military victories to the well known countries to gain prestige. These included the Chinese monk Yijing, who made several lengthy visits to Sumatra on his way to study at Nalanda University in India in 671 and 695, and the 11th century Bengali Buddhist scholar Atisha, who played a major role in the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. Sanskrit was only known by a limited circle; brahmin (priests) and kavi (poets), while Old Malay was a common language in Srivijayan realm. The town is also the centre of the . [85], In the world of commerce, Srivijaya rose rapidly to be a far-flung empire controlling the two passages between India and China, namely the Sunda Strait from Palembang and the Malacca Strait from Kedah. These records show that both the nature of Srivijaya's navy, and the role it played in the survival of the government itself, in the late 12th and 13th centuries, became very different. . Players Player Srivijaya recognised that the submission of Melayu would increase its own prestige.[44]. In the 20th century, both empires were referred to by nationalistic intellectuals to argue for an Indonesian identity within a united Indonesian state that had existed prior to the colonial state of the Dutch East Indies. best places to live in turin, italy; possessive apostrophe lesson plan year 3 gender roles in srivijaya empire Formerly it was also known Kambujadesa. This information is recorded in an inscription of his son, Rajadhiraja Chola I, which states that Rajendra Chola's queen Viramadeviyar committed sati upon Rajendra's death and her remains were interred in the same tomb as Rajendra Chola I in Brahmadesam. Contemporary Indonesians, even those from the area of Palembang (around where the kingdom was based), had not heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s when the French scholar, George Cds, published his discoveries and interpretations in the Dutch and Indonesian language newspapers. Luas maksimum Srivijaya sekitar abad ke-8 dengan laluan ekspedisi dan penaklukan Srivijaya. Ana Ilieva was born in 1901, in stroevo, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. So how did Srivijaya grow into an empire? Supplementum, Vol. The political relations and system relating to its realms is described as a mandala model, typical of that of classical Southeast Asian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. It was noted that the region contained no locatable settlements earlier than the middle of the second millennium. Srivijaya drew in priests from as far away as Korea.[120]. Virarajendra Chola states in his inscription, dated in the 7th year of his reign, that he conquered Kadaram (Kedah) and gave it back to its king who came and worshiped his feet. One off the coast of Belitung, an island east of Sumatra, and another near Cirebon, a coastal city on the nearby island of Java. [129] After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, Sangrama Vijayatungavarman. The Nalanda inscription, dated 860, records that Maharaja Balaputra dedicated a monastery at the Nalanda university in the Pala territory. These inscriptions are written in the Old Balinese language, and not in Old Malay. The areas upstream of the Musi River were rich in various commodities valuable to Chinese traders. Interactions among different peoples along trade routes led to, What might this empire have looked like? 670-1275. As their power grew, the Rajahs tried to defame them. Serving as Southeast Asia's main entrept and gaining trade patronage by the Chinese court, Srivijaya was constantly managing its trade networks and, yet, always wary of potential rival ports of its neighbouring kingdoms. Direct link to valdezcadenav's post Did the Srivijaya Empire , Posted 4 years ago. The Khmer king, Jayavarman II, was mentioned to have spent years in the court of Sailendra in Java before returning to Cambodia to rule around 790. [57] An inscription of King Rajendra states that he had captured the King of Kadaram, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman, son of Mara Vijayatunggavarman, and plundered many treasures including the Vidhyadara-torana, the jewelled 'war gate' of Srivijaya adorned with great splendour. The Kedukan Bukit inscription (683), discovered on the banks of the Tatang River near the Karanganyar site, states that the empire of Srivijaya was founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa and his retinue. In Jambi, golden statue of Avalokiteshvara were discovered in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian. The islands that the accounts referred to produced camphor, aloes, sandal-wood, spices like cloves, nutmegs, cardamom and cubebs, as well as ivory, gold and tin, all of which equalled the wealth of the Maharaja to any king in Medieval India. Direct link to dpau0197's post Can you tell us exactly w, Posted 3 years ago. Instead of traveling the entire distance from the Middle East to China, which would have taken about a year with the assistance of monsoon winds, it was easier to stop somewhere in the middle, Srivijaya. Lack of evidence of southern settlements in the archaeological record comes from the disinterest in the archeologist and the unclear physical visibility of the settlement themselves. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [72], Between 1079 and 1088, Chinese records show that Srivijaya sent ambassadors from Jambi and Palembang. Their complex social order can be seen through studies on the inscriptions, foreign accounts, as well as rich portrayal in bas-reliefs of temples from this period. Also, I did a quick google search and I couldn't find anything relating to a Srivijaya-China conflict. Samara sent his cousin and son-in-law, Mahendra, with his army to help Vijayabahu I to defeat the Cholas and regain the throne. At any time that a mobilisation order is established, chieftains [are the ones who] command [the troops]. In 1006, a Srivijayan Maharaja from the Sailendra dynasty, king Maravijayattungavarman, constructed the Chudamani Vihara in the port town of Nagapattinam. By the end of the 12th century Srivijaya had been reduced to a small kingdom, and its dominant role in Sumatra had been taken by Malayu (based in Jambi), a vassal of Java. In his account of Srivijaya, Zhao Rugua records in Zhufanzhi (circa 1225): In the past, [this state] used an iron chain as a barrier to prepare against other robbing parties (arriving on vessels?). [81], The relations between the central kadatuan and its member (subscribers) kadatuans were dynamic. kinship. This unique period is known as the Srivijayan episode in Central Java, when the monarch of Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya. There are three foundations from which kinship is developed in Aboriginal communities. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on the booming trade in the region, thus transforming it into a prestige goods-based economy.[7]. How do they maintain power? The statue demonstrates the Central Java art influence. Chinese records dating to the late 7th century mention two Sumatran kingdoms and three other kingdoms on Java as being part of Srivijaya. This would mean that Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. He led twenty thousand troops (mainly land troopers and a few hundred ships) from Minanga Tamwan (speculated to be Minangkabau) to Palembang, Jambi, and Bengkulu. Another theory suggests that Dapunta Hyang came from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and that the Chaiya District in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, was the centre of Srivijaya. By the early 13th century, Pahang, Kuala Beranang and Kompei had established direct economic links with the Chinese port of Quanzhou. Direct link to 237726's post did the chinese have any , Posted 5 years ago. [52] According to Cds, "In the second half of the ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java its center at Palembang. Access to the former and later played a major role in the creation of an extreme economic surplus in the absence of an exploited hinterland. [7], Other than fostering the lucrative trade relations with India and China, Srivijaya also established commerce links with Arabia. The Buddhist art of the Srivijayan Kingdom was believed to have borrowed from Indian styles like that of the Dvaravati school of art. [24], According to the Kedukan Bukit inscription, dated 605 Saka (683), Srivijaya was first established in the vicinity of today's Palembang, on the banks of Musi River. Melayu Kuno, Palembang, Jawa, Sanskrit. [107], Trade allowed the spread of art to proliferate. Several artefacts such as fragments of inscriptions, Buddhist statues, beads, pottery and Chinese ceramics were found, confirming that the area had, at one time, dense human habitation. gender roles, social classes and hierarchy, family and kinship, etc)? Modern Indonesian nationalists have also invoked the name of Srivijaya, along with Majapahit, as a source of pride in Indonesia's past greatness. Regionally, Srivijaya was unmatched. After the Chola attack, there is no information about naval problems in the Malacca Strait until a very different story in Lingwai daida (1178), written by Zhou Qufei: This country (Srivijaya) has no products, but its people are well trained in warfare. However, artifacts of the empire include Buddhist sculptures and the remains of, The Srivijaya Empire controlled two major passageways between India and China: the Sunda Straits from the city of Palembang and the. [114] The difference in material, yet overarching theme of Buddhism found across the region supports the spread of Buddhism through trade. [5] However, the true nature of Srivijaya naval development and maritime hegemony is still a subject of studies and disagreements among historians. [82], Srivijayan settlers may have colonized some parts of Madagascar. However, Chaiya was probably a regional centre of the kingdom. [91][92] They were also said to be in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver. An approach to differentiate between urban settlements in the southern regions from the northern ones of Southeast Asia was initiated by a proposition for an alternative model. The second being the overseas center is economically superior to the ports found at the mouth of the rivers, having a higher population and a more productive and technologically advanced economy. According to various historical sources, a complex and cosmopolitan society with a refined culture, deeply influenced by Vajrayana Buddhism, flourished in the Srivijayan capital. The general political and economic pattern of the region seems irrelevant to other parts of the world of their time, but in correlation with their maritime trade network, it produced high levels of socio-economic complexity. By 1178, a Srivijayan mission to China highlighted Srivijaya's role as an intermediary to acquire Bornean products, such as plum flower-shaped Borneo camphor planks. [34][35] The Muaro Jambi archaeological site was Mahayana-Vajrayana Buddhist in nature, which suggests that the site served as a Buddhist learning center, connected to the 10th century famous Buddhist scholar Suvaradvipi Dharmakrti. The book describes the people of Java as being brave, short-tempered and willing to fight. The main urban centres of Srivijaya were then at Palembang (especially the Karanganyar site near Seguntang Hill area), Muara Jambi and Kedah. [4]:183184[77][78], Srivijaya remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century. [27], Due to the contradicting pattern found in southern regions, like Palembang, in 1977 Bennet Bronson developed a speculative model for a better understanding of coastal-oriented states in Insular Southeast Asia, such as insular and peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and western Indonesia. A. make efficient business transactions. The Melayu Kingdom's gold mines up in the Batang Hari River hinterland were a crucial economic resource and may be the origin of the word Suvarnadvipa, the Sanskrit name for Sumatra. Despite the Srivijaya Empires decline, the trade routes Srivijayans helped establish continued to be widely used. They are, invariably, depicted by the Arabs writers as extremely powerful and being equipped with vast armies of men, horses and having tens of thousands of elephants. It also notes that their favourite pastimes were cockfighting and pig fighting. Srivijaya was re-discovered during the 1920s by George Coeds, a French scholar and epigraphist. At its height, its area of influence included neighbouring Jambi, to the north the kingdoms of the Malay Peninsula: Chitu, Pan-pan, Langkasuka and Kataha, as well as eastwards in Java, where links with the . The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both piracy and foreign trade.