In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. "5 Large Nations With No Homeland" Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. Despite their significant presence in the region and their . As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity and a phenomenon that is continually reinforced in a country. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. The U.N. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? You were forced from the land of your ancestors and have to move to a city; or maybe you were put in a "re-education" camp, had to flee the country altogether, or something even more terrible. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. Gamal Abdul Nasser and Non-Alignment, Part 11. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Want to create or adapt books like this? Because stateless people, like refugees, are vulnerable to serious human rights abuses, the UNHCR launched the #ibelong campaign in 2014 to eradicate statelessness in 10 years. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. Limited recognition by their country's government, but second-class status. In essence, nationalism is belonging. Untold numbers of Roma remain stateless in the Balkans and mainland Europe. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as an exclusively Arabic-speaking place. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. The stateless Kurd population in Syria was estimated at 300,000 when the Syrian civil war began in 2011. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. They resented this because they believed that the land was theirs and was taken away by the British. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'cosse, une nation sans tat about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. Better known by the derogatory term "gypsies," the Romani or Roma people have suffered ethnic persecution in Europe for centuries. Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. Nor are most stateless people refugees. Which currently stateless nation was once independent? For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Croatia regained its independence when Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. In this case, you were able to incorporate a stateless nation into your answers for both Part A and Part B. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. [15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. Many, however, never established their own nation state. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. In many cases, they were born and raised in a country that denies them citizenship based on ethnic or religious discrimination. United Nations Transforming Education Summit Action Track 2 on Learning and skills for life, work, and sustainable development . One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. A federal US commission on international religious freedom has alleged that National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam is a tool to "target religious minorities and to render Muslims stateless". The examples are too numerous to list. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. What is an example of a nation without a state? Twentieth Century Middle East Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious Identity, Part 2. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. Stateless Nation: An ethnic group that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts. [5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. How to use stateless in a sentence. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. (The term "gypsy" comes from the false belief that the Roma originated in Egypt.). The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. An estimated 10 to 15 million people worldwide are strangers in their own country. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. Kurds got the short end of the straw when borders in western Asia were drawn and redrawn. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. 5. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. "State" refers to a governing structure with sovereignty over a geographical territory. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Islam in Middle Eastern Societies, Part 7. Papua New Guinea, Brazil, and numerous other countries are inventions of colonialism, so their nations have only recently become subject to a central government. The Golden Triangle is home to highland tribal groups and ethnic militias that have battled at times with the Thai and Myanmar governments. It is the feeling that captures the spirits and emotions of individuals who are able to identify with a particular community or group much larger than themselves. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 by Great Britain as a Jewish state marginalized the Palestinian Muslim minority. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. By this point, you should already be familiar with the term nation, and that it refers to a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. They are thus stateless nations. [22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. For a community lacking a government, see, Consequences of colonialism and imperialism, Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status. They are thus called stateless nations. [4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. HAVANA TIMES - The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. It is too narrow and specific of a concept with not enough to discuss to comprise a question or a part of a question. Nations inhabiting a country but deprived of all land. Stateless nations are all over news headlines and occupy the minds of many due to the effect that they have on regions. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. The Treaty of Westphalia in 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. The Kutupalong refugee camp in Bangladesh is the largest of its kind in the world, home to more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslim refugees from neighboring Myanmar (formerly Burma). Witness the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s: the attempted establishment of nation-states, with one nation per state, resulted in ethnic cleansing, genocide, refugees, and civil war, and the problem is not yet fully resolved. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. One example of a multistate nation is the Kurds. So, now that you know the definitions of a nation and a state, you can deduce that a stateless nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. Thus there exists in all the stateless nations feelings of identity that can be qualified as contradictory. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. Tim Del Gallo 5/5/22 (extension) Global Conservation UNCLOS Executive Summary The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided many answers to a confusing question. Neighboring countries that otherwise impose border controls sometimes allow the people of transborder nations to cross back and forth across a shared border without doing this or with an expedited process. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some stateless people are refugees, because they have fled their homeland to find refuge in another country, but not all refugees are stateless. A 2017 government resolution opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya. Their residents found themselves declared to be permanent residents - but not citizens - of Israel. The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. Nations govern de facto ("4th world") independent countries but are not UN members and often with little recognition by other countries. Because the Roma don't believe in the ownership of personal property, including homes, they have always lived on the fringes of European society, drawing suspicion as thieves, occult worshippers or worse. Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not an actual ethnic group, and you never had any real rights to the land. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations. The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. (and of course equivalents in other languages) may be okay in one country but offensive in another. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). Regarding the free response question (FRQ), you will most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations explicitly. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. The United Nations called the Rohingya "the most persecuted minority in the world.". The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to consider themselves nations. [12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]. Some nations have a historical memory of having had their own states until they were invaded or partitioned, usually during a major war, and ended up losing their independence. The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Part 4. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. Another . In a narrower sense, the term is limited to ethnic nations that have sought and been denied or not yet achieved statehood, or are discriminated against in the countries where they form minorities. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. 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