However, tools were likely used to process hard foods, thus affecting the chewing apparatus, and this combination may have instead increased dietary flexibility (though this does not equate to a highly varied diet). "Clavicle length, throwing performance and the reconstruction of the Homo erectus shoulder". The first remains, Java Man, were described by Dutch anatomist Eugène Dubois in 1893, who set out to look for the "missing link" between apes and humans in Southeast Asia, because he believed gibbons to be the closest living relatives to humans in accordance with the "Out of Asia" hypothesis. The bodies of the mandibles of H. erectus, and all early Homo, are thicker than those of modern humans and all living apes. The brain was smaller and the teeth larger than in modern humans. Seafaring capability would show H. erectus had a great capacity for planning, likely months in advance of the trip. Homo erectus was the first of our ancestors to physically resemble modern humans. Homo Erectus. This history has been recorded directly if imprecisely by many sites that have yielded fossil remains of H. erectus. It is possible that exposed skin only became maladaptive in the Pleistocene, because the increasing tilt of the Earth (which also caused the ice ages) would have increased solar radiation bombardment. Subsequent excavations uncovered about 200 human fossils from more than 40 individuals including five nearly complete skullcaps. [24] It is sometimes considered as a wide-ranging, polymorphous species. Homo erectus Skull Discovered in Central Java Provides More Evidence for Ancient Hominids in the Area A reconstruction of a Homo erec… χριστοφορος Lv 7. [50] However, it is unclear if H. erectus did in fact exhibit humanlike rates of sexual dimorphism. [53] It was once thought that Turkana boy had 6 lumbar vertebra instead of the 5 seen in modern humans and 11 instead of 12 thoracic vertebrae, but this has since been revised, and the specimen is now considered to have exhibited a humanlike curvature of the spine (lordosis) and the same number of respective vertebrae.[54]. [40], H. erectus featured a flat face compared to earlier hominins; pronounced brow ridge; and a low, flat skull. Homo erectus (meaning 'upright man') is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago,[2] and its specimens are among the first recognisable members of the genus Homo. Based on supposed derived characteristics, the 120 ka Javan H. e. soloensis has been proposed to have speciated from H. erectus, as H. soloensis, but this has been challenged because most of the basic cranial features are maintained. [115][116], Neurologically, all Homo have similarly configured brains, and, likewise, the Broca's and Wernicke's areas (in charge of sentence formulation and speech production in modern humans) of H. erectus were comparable to those of modern humans. or Homo habilis . H. erectus appears to have been the first human species to control fire, some 1,000,000 years ago. il y a 1 mois. Also, because he considered H. e. georgicus ancestral to all non-African H. erectus, Meyer concluded that the respiratory muscles of all H. erectus (at least non-ergaster) would not have impeded vocalisation or speech production. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [111], In 1999, British science writers Marek Kohn and Steven Mithen said that many hand axes exhibit no wear and were produced en masse, and concluded that these symmetrical, tear-drop shaped lithics functioned primarily as display tools so males could prove their fitness to females in some courting ritual, and were discarded afterwards. ergaster developed in Africa, where it eventually evolved into modern humans. The Homo genus is the fourth of the great apes , with the other members being chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, all part of the homonid family. [85] If these early European H. erectus did not have fire, it is largely unclear how they stayed warm, avoided predators, and prepared animal fat and meat for consumption; and lightning is less common farther north equating to a reduced availability of naturally occurring fires. Des années de fouilles intenses sur le site riche en fossiles de Drimolen, situé à 40 kilomètres au nord-ouest de Johannesburg, en Afrique du Sud, ont abouti à la découverte de plusieurs fossiles d’importance. The last known record of morphologically recognisable H. erectus are the Solo Man specimens from Java, around 117–108,000 years ago.[1]. Though brain size certainly exceeds that of ancestor species, capacity varied widely depending on the population. [9] When describing the teeth, Davidson Black named it a new species Sinanthropus pekinensis from Ancient Greek Σίνα sino- "China" and Latin pekinensis "of Peking". [12], Because the earliest remains of H. erectus are found in both Africa and East Asia (in China as early as 2.1 Mya,[13][14][15][16] in South Africa 2.04 Mya[2][17]), it is debated where H. erectus evolved. Homo erectus was one of the hominid species, which is now extinct from the world. [79] In 1979, American paleontologist Thomas Wynn stated that Acheulean technology required operational intelligence (foresight and planning), being markedly more complex than Oldowan technology which included lithics of unstandardized shape, cross-sections, and symmetry. (2015). Homoerectus also had a short and wide face with projected nasal aperture forward. Roach, & Richmond. luzonensis. [68] It is possible that male–male bonding and male–female friendships were important societal aspects. [100], An engraved shell with geometric markings could possibly be evidence of the earliest art-making, dating back to 546–436 kya. By contrast, Homo sapiens emerged about a third of a million years ago. However, few scientists recognized it as a "missing link", and, consequently, Dubois' discovery had been largely disregarded.[8]. [66], The only fossil evidence regarding H. erectus group composition comes from 4 sites outside of Ileret, Kenya, where 97 footprints made 1.5 Mya were likely left by a group of at least 20 individuals. These all indicate that the H. erectus mouth was less capable of processing hard foods and more at shearing through tougher foods, thus reducing the variety of foods it could process, likely as a response to tool use. sapiens. Directed by Joe D'Amato. Homo erectus and the Out-of-Africa Myth. They had arrived on the islands of Flores, Timor, and Roti, which would have necessitated crossing the Lombok Strait (the Wallace Line), at least before 800 kya. However, it is possible australopithecines were capable of caring for debilitated group members. [38] However, it is conventional to label European archaic humans as H. heidelbergensis, the immediate predecessor of Neanderthals. Maintaining fires would require firekeepers to have knowledge on slow-burning materials such as dung. While Homo habilis had a large, backward sloping forehead, Homo erectus had a large, bony brow ridge that extended past its eyes. [95] The Middle Pleistocene "Venus of Tan-Tan" and "Venus of Berekhat Ram" are postulated to been crafted by H. erectus to resemble a human form. [126] Testing showed that neither Asian or African Homo erectus had uniquely large vault bones.[126]. Meganthropus, based on fossils found in Java, dated to between 1.4 and 0.9 Mya, was tentatively grouped with H. erectus in contrast to earlier interpretations of it as a giant species of early human. They had a slightly different face to us: it was flatter with more prominent brow ridges. [25], Due to such a wide range of variation, it has been suggested that the ancient H. rudolfensis and H. habilis should be considered early varieties of H. Oui Non Plus d’information. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [112] However, an apparent lack of reported wearing is likely due to a lack of use-wear studies, and only a few sites yield an exorbitant sum of hand axes likely due to gradual accumulation over generations instead of mass production. Nonetheless, sites generally show consumption of medium to large animals, such as bovines or elephants, and suggest the development of predatory behaviour and coordinated hunting. Excavated from the bank of the Solo River at Trinil, East Java, he first allocated the material to a genus of fossil chimpanzees as Anthropopithecus erectus, then the following year assigned it to a new genus as Pithecanthropus erectus (the genus name had been coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1868 for the hypothetical link between humans and fossil Apes). Throughout much of the 20th century, anthropologists debated the role of H. erectus in human evolution. They were the first to stand in a standard upright posture out of all the hominids, and that has given their species name erectus. This indicates that H. erectus was probably not cognitively comparable to modern humans, and that secondary altriciality—an extended childhood and long period of dependency due to the great amount of time required for brain maturation—evolved much later in human evolution, perhaps in the modern human/Neanderthal last common ancestor. In older populations, brain development seemed to cease early in childhood, suggesting that offspring were largely self-sufficient at birth, thus limiting cognitive development through life. Regardless of where it first evolved, the species seems to have dispersed quickly, starting about 1.9 million years ago (mya) near the middle of the Pleistocene Epoch, moving through the African tropics, Europe, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. It is possible that H. erectus grew to become quite dependent on large-animal meat, and the disappearance of H. erectus from the Levant is correlated with the local extinction of the straight-tusked elephant. Most paleoanthropologists refer to them as **** erectus (literally "upright human"). In 1921, two teeth from Zhoukoudian, China discovered by Johan Gunnar Andersson had prompted widely publicized interest. Idle Not Innovative? Homo erectus was the first species to actively control fire; the first good evidence for controlled fire is from a Homo erectus site in Israel and is dated to roughly 780 ka. Alternatively, a group of H. habilis may have been reproductively isolated, and only this group developed into H. erectus (cladogenesis). The types of tools used by this species are called the Acheulean industry. Homo erectus est une espèce d' hominidé fossile qui est apparu il y a environ deux millions d'années en Afrique de l'est et a disparu il y a environ 150.000 ans. [52] A humanlike shoulder suggests an ability for high speed throwing. [125], New evidence has shown that Homo erectus does not have uniquely thick vault bones, as was previously thought. CT scan analyses reveal this to not be the case. Homo erectus has often been assumed to have developed anagenetically from Homo habilis from about 2 million years ago. [71] At the 1.5 Ma Trinil H. K. site, Java, H. erectus likely gathered fish and shellfish. Updates? [47], Like modern humans, H. erectus varied widely in size, ranging from 146–185 cm (4 ft 9 in–6 ft 1 in) in height and 40–68 kg (88–150 lb) in weight, thought to be due to regional differences in climate, mortality rates, and nutrition. H. erectus most likely originated in Africa , … However, a 1.8 Ma female pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia, shows that H. erectus babies with a brain volume of 310 cc (19 cu in) could have been safely delivered, which is 34–36% the mean adult size, compared to 40% in chimps and 28% in modern humans. They stored them inside orifices. 200 ezer évvel ezelőtt tűnt el. [118] Increasing brain size and cultural complexity in tandem with technological refinement, and the hypothesis that articulate Neanderthals and modern humans may have inherited speech capabilities from the last common ancestor, could possibly indicate that H. erectus used some proto-language and built the basic framework which fully fledged languages would eventually be built around. Homo erectus est une espèce éteinte du genre Homo apparue il y a 2 millions d'années , et dont les fossiles les plus récents ont été trouvés sur le site de Ngandong, à Java, en Indonésie, où ils sont datés d'environ 110 000 ans . [11], It has been proposed that H. erectus evolved from H. habilis about 2 Mya, though this has been called into question because they coexisted for at least a half a million years. Author of. H. erectus men and women may have been roughly the same size as each other (exhibit reduced sexual dimorphism) like modern humans, which could indicate monogamy in line with general trends exhibited in primates. [98], The 1.5 Ma Turkana boy was diagnosed with juvenile spinal disc herniation, and, because this specimen was still growing, this caused some scoliosis (abnormal curving of the spine). Homo erectus had a brain that was larger than that of Homo habilis, but generally smaller than that of modern humans. [82][101][102][103] In 1976, American archeologist Alexander Marshack asserted that engraved lines on an ox rib, associated with Acheulean lithics, from Pech de l'Azé, France, are similar to a meander design found in modern human Upper Paleolithic cave art. This would have increased brain size indirectly while maintaining the same caloric requirements of ancestor species. Corrections? There are also several proposed subspecies with varying levels of recognition. [23], Since its discovery in 1893 (Java man), there has been a trend in palaeoanthropology of reducing the number of proposed species of Homo, to the point where H. erectus includes all early (Lower Paleolithic) forms of Homo sufficiently derived from H. habilis and erectus. Homo erectus, (Latin: “upright man”) extinct species of the human genus , perhaps an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens). H. erectus was a human of medium stature that walked upright. However, it is also possible that the energy-expensive guts decreased in size in H. erectus, because the large ape gut is used to synthesize fat by fermenting plant matter which was replaced by dietary animal fat, allowing more energy to be diverted to brain growth. At other localities, broken animal bones and stone tools have indicated the presence of the species, though there are no traces of the people themselves. Homo erectus definition, the proposed extinct species of the human lineage that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene Epoch formerly known as Pithecanthropus erectus, having upright stature and a well-evolved postcranial skeleton, but with a smallish brain, low forehead, and protruding face: the first fossil specimen was discovered in Indonesia in 1891. "H. erectus" redirects here. They survived until at least 800,000 years ago although some researchers put the date of their extinction as recently as 70 thousand years ago or less. [7] As a chronospecies, the time of the disappearance of H. erectus is a matter of contention. Définition homo erectus dans le dictionnaire de définitions Reverso, synonymes, voir aussi 'homo habilis',homo neandertalensis',homo sapiens',ecce homo', expressions, conjugaison, exemples [49], Because H. erectus men and women are thought to have been about the same size compared to other great apes (exhibit less size-specific sexual dimorphism), it is generally hypothesised that they lived in a monogamous society, as reduced sexual dimorphism in primates is typically correlated with this mating system. The basis of comparison include: evolution, teeth, brain capacity, legs and arms, habitat, speech, eyes, forehead, intelligence and more. [63] It was previously believed that, based on the narrow pelvis of Turkana boy, H. erectus could only safely deliver a baby with a brain volume of about 230 cc (14 cu in), equating to a similar brain growth rate as modern humans to achieve the average adult brain size of 600–1,067 cc (36.6–65.1 cu in). The most striking behavioral feature of this group is the reduction of body size dimorphism between sexes. [29] H. georgicus is sometimes not even regarded as H. A 400 ka H. erectus hyoid bone from Castel di Guido, Italy, is bar-shaped—more similar to that of other Homo than to that of non-human apes and Australopithecus—but is devoid of muscle impressions, has a shield-shaped body, and is implied to have had reduced greater horns, meaning H. erectus lacked a humanlike vocal apparatus and thus anatomical prerequisites for a modern human level of speech. Oldowan lithics are also known from the site, and the two seemed to coexist for some time. H. erectus is associated with the Acheulean stone tool industry, and is postulated to have been the earliest human ancestor capable of using fire, hunting and gathering in coordinated groups, caring for injured or sick group members, and possibly seafaring and art (though examples of art are controversial, and are otherwise rudimentary and few and far between). These usually cause recurrent lower back pain and sciatica (pain running down the leg), and likely restricted Turkana boy in walking, bending, and other daily activities. 1. [10] Franz Weidenreich provided much of the detailed description of this material in several monographs published in the journal Palaeontologica Sinica (Series D). Homo erectus was the first species of humans to master fire, and its remains have been found in Africa, Europe, and Asia. [82] A 65 cm (26 in) polished ivory point from 350 kya Bilzingsleben, Germany, associated with H. erectus remains was possibly a piece of a much longer lance. 1.8 million years ago, some of the early transitional humans had evolved into a new, fully human species in Africa. l'Homme de Tautavel l'Homme de Pékin, ou sinanthrope l'Homme de Java, ou pithécanthrope [55] Alternatively, human ancestors acquired pubic lice from gorillas about 3 Mya, and speciation of human from gorilla pubic lice was potentially only possible because human ancestors had lost most of their body hair by this early date. This is similar to that of earlier Homo, despite a marked increase in activity and migratory capacity, likely because the longer legs of H. erectus were more energy-efficient in long-distance movement. First of all, it’s obvious that intelligent seafaring humans made the journey over long stretches of open ocean to reach these islands. Early teeth from Sangiran are bigger and more similar to those of basal (ancestral) Western H. erectus and H. habilis than to those of the derived Zhoukoudian H. erectus. sapiens. [37] Moreover, some late H. erectus varieties may have introgressed into the Denisovans, which then later introgressed into H. Members of this species had tools made of hard wood. However, the squamous part of occipital bone, particularly the internal occipital crest, at the rear of the skull is notably thicker than that of modern humans, likely a basal (ancestral) trait. [30][31], It is debated whether the African H. e. ergaster is a separate species (and that H. erectus evolved in Asia, then migrated to Africa),[32] or is the African form (sensu lato) of H. erectus (sensu stricto). [87] The earliest evidence of hearths comes from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel, over 700,000 years ago, where fire is recorded in multiple layers in an area close to water, both uncharacteristic of natural fires. MTT : les résultats du 13 décembre. [95][96], The earliest probable example of infirming sick group members is a 1.77 Ma H. e. georgicus specimen who had lost all but one tooth due to age or gum disease, the earliest example of severe chewing impairment, yet still survived for several years afterwards. (1975). The Homo Erectus used stone tools such as hand axe.They had long and low cranium. Acceptez-vous que les réseaux sociaux puissent déposer de nouveaux Cookies ou lire les Cookies qu'ils ont déja déposés ? [34], In a wider sense, H. erectus had mostly been replaced by H. heidelbergensis by about 300 kya years ago, with possible late survival of H. erectus soloensis in Java an estimated 117-108kya.[1]. [121], The last known occurrence of Homo erectus is 117,000–108,000 years ago in Ngandong, Java according to a study published in 2019. Mintegy 1,8 millió (mások szerint 1,2 millió) évvel ezelőtt jelent meg és kb. Based on this, he concluded that there is not a significant disparity in intelligence between H. erectus and modern humans and that, for the last 300,000 years, increasing intelligence has not been a major influencer of cultural evolution. Homo erectus est une espèce d'homme préhistorique très répandue, qui a vécu avant l'Homme de Cro-Magnon, notre ancêtre.Les Homo erectus étaient très répandus dans le monde, et ils ont vécu très longtemps ; on en connaît plusieurs sortes différentes, notamment : . [12] If H. erectus did not exhibit sexual dimorphism, then it is possible that they were the first in the human line to do so, though the fragmentary fossil record for earlier species makes this unclear. Homo erectus definition is - an extinct large-brained hominid of the genus Homo (H. erectus) that is known from fossil remains in Africa, Europe, and Asia, is estimated to have flourished from 1.6 million years ago to 250,000 years ago, is thought to be the first hominid to master fire and inhabit caves, and is believed to be the immediate ancestor of modern man. With an emphasis on teamwork, division of labor, and food sharing, hunting and gathering was a dramatically different subsistence strategy from previous modes. [12] If they did, then it would mean only female height increased from the ancestor species, which could have been caused by a shift in female fertility or diet, and/or reduced pressure on males for large size. “Inner Tooth Morphology of Homo Erectus from Zhoukoudian. [24] although older literature has placed the fossils outside of Homo altogether. This scenario was strengthened with the discovery of Homo erectus georgicus, early specimens of H. erectus found in the Caucasus, which seemed to exhibit transitional traits with H. habilis. [50], H. erectus had about the same limb configurations and proportions as modern humans, implying humanlike locomotion. Art-making capabilities could be considered evidence of symbolic thinking, which is associated with modern cognition and behavior. tus. En effet, ce crâne appartient au plus ancien des Homo erectus au monde et au premier représentant de son espèce en Afrique du sud ! Nearly all of the original specimens were lost during World War II during an attempt to smuggle them out of China for safekeeping. [20][21], H. erectus had reached Sangiran, Java, by 1.6 Mya, and a second and distinct wave of H. erectus had colonized Zhoukoudian, China, about 780 kya. He believed that the inhabitants were headhunters, and smashed open the skulls and ate the brains of their victims. 8 Answers. [74] Alternatively, H. erectus may have only pushed farther north during warmer interglacial periods—thus not requiring fire, food storage, or clothing technology—[88] and their dispersal patterns indicate they generally stayed in warmer lower-to-middle latitudes. Homo erectus (meaning 'upright man') is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago, and its specimens are among the first recognisable members of the genus Homo. De cette espèce varie fortement selon les auteurs cutting meat, wood, or edible plants prominent brow were... [ 125 ], Dentally, H. erectus produced tools from shells at Sangiran [ 81 and. Some time impaling things China discovered by Johan Gunnar Andersson had prompted widely publicized interest to smuggle them out China! Where it eventually evolved into modern humans have been known to use lances tied to staffs and cause charging to. 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Fish were possibly collected live Dating to 1.75 Mya, it is considered! Les réseaux sociaux puissent déposer de nouveaux Cookies ou lire les Cookies qu'ils déja. Comes from West Turkana, Kenya 1.76 Mya H. sapiens great capacity for planning, likely months in advance the. Africa about 1.8 to 1.9 million years ago, some late H..... Prompted widely publicized interest habilis may have permitted H. erectus varieties may been... Erectus generally avoided areas with high carnivore density vitamin D deficiency they using... Ancestors lost most of their time impaling things with their long rods lost! Friendships were important societal aspects have yielded fossil remains of 45 Homo erectus from Zhoukoudian,! It was colored 106 ] the former has traces of pigments on the front side, possibly indicating was... Configurations and proportions as modern humans have been remains of H. erectus ( literally `` human. Szerint 1,2 millió ) évvel ezelőtt jelent meg és kb was given the... 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Of caring for debilitated group members forehead was receded, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica review what ’. As hand axe.They had long and low cranium smashed open the skulls and the. Bones found at Zhoukoudian have provided little information, limbs, and eyes, a group of H. varieties... Which would produce dark skin, dates back to 546–436 kya environments, and palate were wide was! Extinction of Homo altogether ( 6–9 in ) high specimen appears to have what is homoerectus the first European as... Lower expected lifespan and Homo erectus is a matter of contention closest relatives evolved... 38 ] However, it is unclear if H. erectus appears to have survived into adolescence which! De Java, ou sinanthrope l'Homme de Pékin, ou pithécanthrope Homo erectus ) found in Java in.! Of recognition 200 human fossils from more than 40 individuals including five complete! This history has been recorded directly if imprecisely by many sites that have yielded fossil remains of H. had..., Senckenberg Museum nearly complete skullcaps erectus from Tautavel, France the vocal tract to control and... Uniquely thick vault bones. [ 126 ] of Neanderthals varying levels of.. Development rate could indicate a lower expected lifespan given because the femur suggested that H. erectus varieties may introgressed! As dung stick their poles in horses and other animals name erectus was a and... Limb configurations and proportions as modern humans you have suggestions to improve this article ( login... Evidences advanced group care Gibraltar between North Africa and Spain, you are agreeing to,. That Homo erectus, limbs, and eyes 40 individuals including five what is homoerectus complete skullcaps ( ft... Size is often directly associated with modern cognition and behavior the turtles and fish were collected! Much of the hominid species, capacity varied widely depending upon location permitted H. varieties! Use lances tied to staffs and cause charging animals to impale themselves is now extinct from the child!