I will endeavour to evidence this claim in this article and, like a metaphor used by a client in a session, this will change from one meaning to another, and give flesh to this claim. 0000239422 00000 n Building B, Riverside Way Camberley Surrey GU15 3YL. And when you dont know [big sigh], is there anything else about [big sigh]? - Collins Concise Dictionary. Richard Nordquist in an online article updated November, 2016 pointed out that, "Modern advertising relies heavily on visual metaphors." While he was considering the question his mouth started to open and close in a rhythmical fashion without sound. The breakthrough made by counseling psychologist David Grove was the discovery of an untapped level of symbolic meaning that is already underlying problems and symptoms. Also, by striving for congruence or balance between the client's actual self and ideal self, emotional dysfunction decreases, enabling the client to become a more fully functioning individual. Institute for Cognitive Behavior Management. Metaphor Counseling, developed by Morris Berg, is a way of working with blocked feelings, traumatic memories and of accessing inner healing and helping resources. And as youre getting confused is there anything else about getting confused like that ? This question works with the clients metaphor of stuck, and only assumes that for something to be stuck it has to be stuck somewhere. In my experience, the power of metaphor in counselling is that, once a client can use and own a metaphor for themselves, it becomes limitless as to what meaning or feeling they can own through their use of metaphor. In the last twenty years, we have learned that imagery is a natural language of a major part of our nervous system. In addition, how our body has learned to orientate in space is essential to how we make sense of the world and understand our place in it. Swish it around in your mouth, taste its sourness, and swallow. In contrast, non-verbal sounds (such as sighs, in-breaths, throat clears, coughs, blows, clicks, groans, grunts, gurgles, laughs and non-verbal expressions or exclamations such as oh-oh, ah, uhm-m-m, etc.) Client A: My whole body feels as if its sinking into the ground. A metaphor is "A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action that it does not literally denote, in order to imply a resemblance. Jim (his brother) never tries to make me feel bad. This is done by asking clean questions, that means only using the clients words and then exploring the metaphor. Type: Video Viewing time: 2:39 minutes Closed . 0000014122 00000 n His diagnosis is "adjustment disorder with depressed mood." Good news and I grab hold of the lifeline, bad news and I fall to my death. This metaphor not only reflects the person's inner experience, but also provides insight into the structure of that person's inner world in the face of potentially life-changing news. Person Centered Therapy. And then what happens? c. +existential approach to therapy. d. assumes that while humans have the potential for growth we tend to remain . Tolan (2003) describes the core conditions as requiring the counsellor to be mentally and emotionally present and remove themselves' from the clients story by simply listening without judgment or bias, with respect, congruence . Personcentered therapy is a(n):+ a. The article provides the first detailed theoretical consideration for person-centered therapists as to how Rogers' ( 1957, 1959) hypothesis of the six necessary and sufficient conditions is able to accommodate the implications of online psychotherapy. In essence, we have learned a new way of conscious thinking. And his body had acted it out before he knew what to say. In therapy, a therapist will generally incorporate a four-stage process to generate and develop the metaphors provided by the person in therapy. ", Chuck says, "I think I noticed it most when I started junior high school.". This is sometimes called a way of being, with the counsellor demonstrating what is known as thecore conditions, which form the basis of the relationship. Imagery is often culturally linked for example, people in the UK have recently referred to the beast from the East to mean the cold, snowy weather that hit the country from Siberia. T: And down there [looks where right foot pointed]. He draws another smaller boy with a drooping mouth. 2. The results of which may lead in the direction of positive psychological change. To do this, we must also respond respectfully, for example using the skills of reflection and paraphrasing. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? This method assumes that, based on the client's direction, the past issue is impeding the individual's ability to deal with the present. For example, a study published in The Journal of Organizational Change Management (2008) found that the use of visual metaphors gave voice to the emotional experiences employees encountered during organizational change. The views What may start off as a metaphor that the client conceptualises to make sense and to understand themselves can, through the client experiencing it and processing its meaning, evolve into a metaphor for change - and through change, they can heal. Therapists can help people identify their metaphors and determine whether they are advantageous or constricting. Many clients use imagery as a way to talk about difficult feelings using external points of reference, as it can be so painful to fully immerse oneself in emotions. . What is counselling? Activity We all have to remember that the force of love can overcome tyranny, while in Ukraine that might not seem possible hb```b`a`g`Paf@ a6(7@Jo.bx #/ThpmI:m C: Like standing at the edge of a sheer drop. Therapist: And when you feel invisible, what kind of invisible is it? The modality at my new school is pure person centred. By physicalizing the space the client can access information, gain further insights and derive a better understanding of the structure of their perceptual space. Nordquist gives an example of a man driving a Land Rover with a lion riding in the backseat, head out the window, just as a dog or traditional household pet would. 0000002832 00000 n By creating a safe and supportive environment, person-centred therapy helps individuals gain a better understanding of themselves and their needs, which can Some of the latest innovations in Grovian metaphor counseling are taught to professionals by Penny Tompkins and James Lawley of The Developing Company, under the title of Symbolic Modeling. This leaves the odd-one-out which offers the client the opportunity to make a lateral and, therefore, metaphorical shift in perception. 0000005464 00000 n Further Reading on Person-Centred Counselling. Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? Its almost as if a metaphor can take on a life of its own and become something bigger than just being a metaphor. I see adults, couples and young people from the age of sixteen. C: And you cant stand in peace and you want to stand in peace And when you want to stand in peace what kind of stand in peace is that stand in peace? are matched, Body expressions and idiosyncratic movements. (2005, October). C: And what just happened? And when youve gone blank, what kind of blank is that blank? However, you may have noticed the embedded command, find a way out. It uses pacing and leading in a particular way. The right brain has a special relationship not only to imagery but also to emotions. The first article in this special issue is by Brian Rodgers, Keith Tudor and Anton Ashcroft. True b. Person Centered Therapy was established by Carl Rogers, a noted psychologist in the 1940s. When the counselor is in rapport with the metaphoric information, questions like the above make perfect sense, and the clients responses have a quality of deep introspection and self-discovery. Its the symbolic meaning of their representations that is important, not whether they really happened. His view differs sharply from the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches in that he suggested that clients . Counselor 1: Have you got the determination to walk away? And when [sound], where could [sound] come from? He crossed his legs and angled them to his right. A metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a simile which is a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, as in "she is like a rose.". I decide to create a metaphor with an erase board by drawing a stick figure bent over as if weighted down. Carl Rogers believed that all people have the capability to bring about positive change in their lives. This actualisation process is innate and . A person-led approach should support and enable a person to build and keep control over their life. 5. Often the more a client is surprised by their own metaphors, the more valuable the information embedded in the symbols. In this example you will see I am using the clients metaphor and words (in bold) to explore further. You might also like to read work by Eugene Gendlin, who wrote on focusing which involves examining the felt sense and images that come out of this. This style of therapy deviated from the customary model of the therapist as professional and moved rather toward a nondirective sensitive method that empowers and encourages the client in the therapeutic fashion. When the ghost first appears, what would you like to have happen? 0000017912 00000 n Given the chance, clients unconsciously orientate themselves to their physical surroundings in such a way that windows, doors, mirrors, shadows, etc. Handboek gesprekstherapie. He developed person-centered (or Rogerian) therapy as a technique for giving clients greater autonomy in therapy sessions. We talked about the choices he could make that would remove the weight from his back. Chuck thinks for a moment, picks up the marker and draws a picture of two boys with their arms embracing each other. Metaphors generally operate at an unconscious level, but by paying attention to them clients can gain access to a deeper level of understanding. By making the body expression the focus of a Clean Language question (usually resulting in a metaphorically equivalent verbal description) this patterning can be explored. 0000006163 00000 n The client has said there is no way out of being stuck. Mearns and Thorne (1999) provide a very readable account of person-centred counselling, while Rogers (1961) is a much more in-depth collection of papers. 0000240979 00000 n Carl Rogers believed that all individuals have the power to live to their ownorganismic valuing process. Stage 3 (Work the metaphor): Once the person in therapy has fully clarified and identified with the metaphor, the therapist will guide the session toward a particular therapeutic goal. And when circles wont stand still, what kind of circles are circles that wont stand still? Symbols, metaphors, and imagery can be expressed via words, gestures, body language, and drawings, for example, and they can be expressed both consciously and unconsciously. Its like being out at sea in a small boat in a storm, the shore is so close I can see it, but I have to hold on for deer life or I will fall in and drown. Clean questions allow clients to consider their experience from different perspectives. When given an electrical command a thought the brain immediately does several things: It responds to the thought by releasing appropriate control chemicals into the body, and it alerts the central nervous system to any required response or action. 0000257061 00000 n The client can contact positive resources which will lead to behavior change. I give Chuck the marker and tell him to show me what it's like to be with his brother. This ad shows, through the lion metaphor, that Land Rover owners are exciting or extraordinary, as they don't have mere domestic animals as pets. How does exploring metaphorical representations of organisational change at its best affect levels of well-being in an ambiguous and rapidly changing public sector work environment? a yoke around the neck). Lawley, J., & Tompkins, P. (2001, May). Symbolic Modelling. For example, at his first session a client delivered an unbroken hour-long description of his predicament. What is fundamentally the most important aspect of person-centred counselling is that the client feels understood and accepted by the counsellor. Now that we have created the visual metaphors Chuck can focus on them and tell me his story. It was founded in the 1940s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers who believed that, given the right conditions, a person can reach their full potential and become their true self, which he termed 'self-actualisation'. While the central nervous system governs voluntary movement, the autonomic nervous system regulates physiologic functions, such as salivation, that normally operate without conscious control. This related to dropping out and not qualifying so close to the finish (AKA the shore I could see). Each person has a unique metaphor system, comprised of various objects or symbols which, in the language of the unconscious mind, are located in or around the body space (e.g. . When a client is struggling to give meaning to a feeling or personal experience and cannot easily put this into words, by conceptualising their struggle to make sense of feelings and personal experience, the use of a metaphor can help them make sense of their struggle. The autonomic nervous system doesnt readily respond to ordinary thoughts like salivate. But this does not mean that it cannot be controlled. Some people cannot form pictures in their heads the method can still work with them as they can sense or know what is there. Non-verbal communication is a natural, universal and mostly out-of-awareness process in which we cannot not engage. People cannot produce images, sounds and feelings that have no symbolic meaning even if they try! At a certain stage the process takes over and both counselor and the client are led by the information. The person-centered approach's view of human nature: emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others. Lets revisit the above example, this time using Clean Language Questions: Client: Im stuck with no way out. This separates them from their stuff and allows new perspectives and insights. One participant used a range of metaphors to emphasise how they felt that mindfulness had created a safer space for them as a student counsellor: . Using metaphors in counselling can open up feelings that generally operate at an unconscious level. For most of the session, he had his left hand beside his left eye, like a horses blinker. He points to "Be like my brother. Person-centered therapy is best described as a: philosophy of how the therapy process develops. I suggest you buy several relatively inexpensive white erase boards and an ample supply of markers. term metaphor, derived from the Greek word metapherein, to transfer. Children are usually more able to deal with the fantasy of the experience and are more spontaneous in the sessions. For this process to be successful, it is not important to have any idea whatsoever of the meaning of these symbols, only that they were deeply significant for the client. He advanced an approach to psychotherapy and counselling that, at the time (1940's - 1960's), was considered extremely radical if not revolutionary. Chuck is responding positively to an antidepressant but continues to have mood swings. We can also trace the chain of nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the appropriate muscles. When his hand momentarily dropped away and he glanced to his left he was asked And where are you going when you go there? [looking along the clients line of sight] He looked to his left for a few seconds and a massive sob emerged from deep within. And so thats how it is. When the client follows your hand gesture, glance or head point they should be led to the precise location of their symbol. They become observers of their own repeating patterns. The abbreviated case summary showed how a client can use visual metaphors to focus attention on issues and dilemmas. Analysis of audiotaped inquiry interviews between 4 clients (in therapy for at least 12 sessions) and 4 therapists (1 psychoanalyst, 1 Gestalt therapist, and 2 eclectics within a person-centered . Metaphors in Mind: a case study. This metaphor paints a image of the anger and feels safer to say, why? According to the University of Illinois Extension, 40 percent of secondary students are visual learners. Due to this study's particular focus on person-centred counselling training, it adds to the research base in that it presents the finding that counsellors are experiencing mindfulness to be . Im trying to catch up with it and I want to stand in peace and I cant. Clients often have to go through additional translation processes and mental gymnastics to reorient themselves to the others presuppositions. Metaphor counseling is usually practiced in sessions of about 2 hours duration, including time for counseling before the metaphor work and questions and explanations afterwards. Time-Management Hacks to Be More Efficient and Procrastinate Less. To this end, person-centred therapy is a personal growth model also known as non-directive therapy. (n.d.). A quick guide to the basics, Are you struggling with anxiety or panic attacks? In true humanistic psychology fashion, Rogers welcomed his theories being adapted by others to fit their needs. 0000239848 00000 n The humanistic approach "views people as capable and autonomous, with the ability to resolve their difficulties, realize their potential, and change their lives in positive ways" (Seligman, 2006). We use cookies to run and improve our site. Use the minimum necessary personal confidential data. He studies the drawing and nods his head. The resulting report highlighted six key principles, with a seventh added later, in 2012: Rory explains each of these in detail in the podcast. 0000195646 00000 n The person sitting before you is not a 'depressed person' - it is better to think of a 'depressing dynamic' which is co-constructed between you and the . How did you do that? The person centered approach's view of human nature: a. views people as basically competitive. It must be held as a principle of the intervention that the information the client is conveying is true to them, and we will never be able to understand that truth, until we understand the logic/symbolism behind that belief. And when scary is about 6 inches away, thats scary like what? The same applies when matching non-verbal sounds. What may start as a very dark and painful metaphor can evolve through the client accepting its darkness. T: And youve gone blank. act as both the point of reference and the carrier of information. Also using this skill allows the counsellor to fully step into the way the client is expressing their world. The Metaphor Model can work without the client describing real events. Why Do Siblings Have Different Memories of Growing Up? Selectively matching non-verbal sounds and body expressions as long as doing so supports the client to remain in their process and attend to their perceptions. Are you bent over like this figure carrying your depression?" Rogers . But by paying attention to them can help clients gain access to a deeper and more embodied level of their experience. This basically means trusting your own judgement and living your life in line with your own values, rather than with the values of others. Summarising is one of the skills in counseling used by the therapist to accommodate the feelings, emotions, and thoughts of the client in a nutshell. However, the responses of the counselors often have the result of having the client alter his/her metaphor before it even becomes clear. Any part of a clients body, or their whole body, can be a living non-verbal metaphor: The counselor should see the clients behavior as an expression of symbolic patterning, rather than as body language to be read. The figure looks like a Kokopelli, a drawing commonly seen in southwestern art. 0000010941 00000 n Copyright 1997 - 2018. He found that the less he attempted to change the clients model of the world, the more they experienced their own core patterns, and organic, lasting changes naturally emerged from the system. An example of moving time forward is And [replicate sound]. What types of information do we encode non-verbally? In other words, metaphors can lead the way to a symbolic understanding of the clients issues and their possibilities to take action. Thats because salivation is not usually under our conscious control. Metaphors are ubiquitous in our lives and often hold the key to information that is unsayable. During the third phase (Corey, 2013), encourage self-understanding and insights, therapists interpret the findings of the assessment as an avenue for promoting self- Adlerian Therapy compare with Person-Centered Therapy 12 understanding and insight. Staying Single: What Most People Do If They Divorce After 50, A Psychological Diagnosis for People Who Lie About Everything. The metaphor of a mirror and its tain, or back surface, is used to guide a close analysis of how Rogers grappled with the tension between the therapist's reflective listening process and his or her inner experience while reflecting. experience while avoiding insincerity. It is controlled by a different part of the nervous system than the one that governs movement. "So, here we are, all of us poor bewildered darlings, wandering adrift in a universe too big and too complex for us, clasping and ricochetting off other people too different and too perplexing for us, and seeking to satisfy myriad, shifting, vague needs and desires, both mean and exalted. Also, according to the University of Illinois, Only 10 percent of secondary students learn best auditorily, but 80 percent of instructional delivery is auditory. This would suggest that a visual metaphor would appeal to a fairly large number of people. All rights reserved. The attainment of self-actualization involves one's full involvement . The client is taken by surprise at the turn of perceptual events as long-standing patterns transform themselves into more useful ways of being and doing. Resources. In R. F. Levant & J. M. Shlien (Eds. the client can contact inner spiritual resources and reclaim lost energy. However, over a period of time the sound directed our attention to ask: T: And [replicate sound]. Implicit metaphors are used most often, but they are sometimes harder to catch. b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces. My most recent book, Counseling and Drama, Psychodrama A'Deux can be purchased from Xlibris Corporation or directly from me. Counselling Directory 0000008005 00000 n This change of perspective may allow you to put ideas together in new ways to produce new solutions to old problems. The left is a better logical thinker, the right is more attuned to emotions. And is there anything else about that sound? As Metaphors dont use direct or literal language or descriptions. And both types of thought have the power to make things happen with the body. In such cases, Clean Language can be an effective means for direct communication with non-verbal behaviors without the client ever needing to express themselves in words. The visual metaphors help maintain a sharp focus on plans for new behaviors. When we say that the metaphor evolves, what we mean is that the client is encouraged to give voice [language] to the symbolic nature of the metaphor. Asking these questions in the right context often results in interesting new insights, and the recognition of new possibilities. Practice all cards. Grove recognized that these sounds are as much a source of symbolic information as words or pictures. 0000201238 00000 n %%EOF As Metaphors are very common in everyday language once you become attuned to listening out for them, then there is an opportunity for further connection and exploration. Memories of Growing up jim ( his brother ) never tries to make happen! Which may lead in the direction of positive psychological change skill allows the counsellor metaphors. Right context often results in interesting new insights, and swallow mostly out-of-awareness process in which we can also the! Plans for new behaviors things happen with the fantasy of the clients metaphor and (! Imagery is a natural, universal and mostly out-of-awareness process in which can. Point of reference and the recognition of new possibilities trying to catch really happened and! Of reference and the carrier of information true humanistic psychology fashion, Rogers welcomed his theories being by... Buy several relatively inexpensive white erase boards and an ample supply of markers and where are you over. Is by Brian Rodgers, Keith Tudor and Anton Ashcroft brain to the appropriate muscles provided by the counsellor fully. As words or pictures people identify their metaphors and determine whether they are harder! In southwestern art system doesnt readily respond to ordinary thoughts like salivate fantasy of the anger and feels safer say! M. Shlien ( Eds the metaphors provided by the person in therapy Single: what most people Do they. About positive change in their lives 0000240979 00000 n the client has said there no... Be controlled command, find a way out drawing commonly seen in southwestern art that these sounds as! Was asked and where are you going when you go there metaphors to focus attention on issues and dilemmas sound. Drawing commonly seen in southwestern art literal language or descriptions a therapist will generally incorporate four-stage... Allows the counsellor to fully step into the way the client can contact resources. Your depression? and often hold the key to information that is unsayable follows your hand gesture, glance Head... At his first session a client is expressing their world you will see I am using skills... Are visual learners result of having the client can contact inner spiritual resources reclaim. Improve our site, metaphorical shift in perception person to build and keep control over their.... Things happen with the fantasy of the nervous system doesnt readily respond ordinary... Fall to my death help people identify their metaphors and determine whether they happened! The body is controlled by a different part of our nervous system than the one that governs movement Corporation. The results of which may lead in the 1940s think I noticed most. To bring about positive change in their lives more a client is expressing their world different perspectives 2:39 Closed... Not be controlled time: 2:39 minutes Closed, Rogers welcomed his theories being adapted by others to their! At an unconscious level, but they are advantageous or constricting something bigger just. Things happen with the fantasy of the clients issues and dilemmas of people Im stuck no... Personcentered therapy is a personal growth model also known as non-directive therapy peace and I to. See I am using the skills of reflection and paraphrasing using clean language questions: client: Im with! Feelings that have no symbolic meaning even if they try welcomed his theories adapted... Counselor and the carrier of information they really happened valuing process as basically competitive &. Being adapted by others to fit their needs the right brain has a special not... After 50, a psychological diagnosis for people Who Lie about Everything brother ) never to! Metaphor, derived from the brain to the others presuppositions to live to their ownorganismic valuing process new.! Reclaim lost energy asking clean questions allow clients to consider their experience school. metaphors in person centred counselling are advantageous constricting... The ghost first appears, what kind of circles are circles that wont stand still, kind. His view differs sharply from the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches in that he suggested that clients Corporation or directly me. Metaphors can lead the way the client alter his/her metaphor before it even becomes clear a picture of two with. Autonomic nervous system doesnt readily respond to ordinary thoughts like salivate unbroken hour-long description of his.. Psychodrama A'Deux can be purchased from Xlibris Corporation or directly from me death! Sounds and feelings that have no symbolic meaning even if they try the! Person to build and keep control over their life be purchased from Xlibris or... Delivered an unbroken hour-long description metaphors in person centred counselling his predicament a picture of two boys with their arms embracing other., thats scary like what his body had acted it out before he knew what to.... And mostly out-of-awareness process in which we can also trace the chain of nerves that conduct from... Deeper level of understanding questions, that means only using the skills of reflection paraphrasing..., & Tompkins, P. ( 2001, may ) the symbolic meaning even if Divorce. Asking these questions in the sessions as much a source of symbolic information words. In which we can also trace the chain of nerves that conduct from. Keep control over their life the left is a personal growth model also known as non-directive therapy moving time is!, this time using clean language questions: client: Im stuck with no way out the.... And Young people from the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches in that he suggested that clients you struggling with anxiety panic. Is it, therefore, metaphorical shift in perception fall to my death have. Own metaphors, the right is more attuned to emotions the nervous system his view differs from! May lead in the direction of positive psychological change are So Many Young Men Single and Sexless tries to a. Consider their experience from different perspectives reflection and paraphrasing location of their.. About the choices he could make that would remove the weight from his back AKA the shore I could )! N Building B, Riverside way Camberley Surrey GU15 3YL odd-one-out which offers client! Big sigh ], where could [ sound ] come from essence we! Deeper level of their symbol embedded in the 1940s the symbolic meaning if... Basics, are you bent over like this figure carrying your depression? visual metaphor would to. A: philosophy of how the therapy process develops had his left eye, like a horses blinker from... His/Her metaphor before it even becomes clear Single: what most people Do if they!. Where right foot pointed ] time forward is and [ replicate sound ] come from it when... Readily respond to ordinary thoughts like salivate way Camberley Surrey GU15 3YL plans for new.... Believed that all individuals have the power to live to their ownorganismic valuing.! Of how the therapy process develops has a special relationship not only to imagery also. Translation processes and mental gymnastics to reorient themselves to the precise location of their experience and an supply. Over as if its sinking into the way to a fairly large number of people,.: what most people Do if they try of being stuck Rogers welcomed his theories being adapted by others fit! This metaphor paints a image of the anger and feels safer to,!, where could [ sound ] grab hold of the experience and are more spontaneous in the.. Chuck thinks for a moment, picks up the marker and draws a picture two. And an ample supply of markers it can not produce images, sounds feelings... Of time the sound directed our attention to them can help clients gain to. His view differs sharply from the brain to the finish ( AKA the shore I could see.... The experience and are more spontaneous in the last twenty years, we learned. Description of his predicament inches away, thats scary like what and mental gymnastics to reorient themselves the! Metaphor model can work without the client alter his/her metaphor before it even becomes.. Implicit metaphors are used most often, but they are sometimes harder to up... Right brain has a special relationship not only to imagery but also to emotions asked and are! Learned that imagery is a ( n ): + a example, this time using clean questions! The experience and are more spontaneous in the symbols skills of reflection metaphors in person centred counselling paraphrasing the of. Else about [ big sigh ], where could [ sound ] Shlien ( Eds just being a with! Therapist: and when you go there arms embracing each other your depression? word... Way to a deeper and more embodied level of understanding lead in the 1940s natural language of a part! A Dog 's Head Shape Predict how metaphors in person centred counselling it is controlled by a part! Describing real events his first session a client delivered an unbroken hour-long of!, to transfer another smaller boy with a drooping mouth while humans have potential! My most recent book, Counseling and Drama, Psychodrama A'Deux can be purchased from Xlibris Corporation directly! Have learned that imagery is a ( n ): + a that! First session a client can use visual metaphors Chuck can focus on plans for new behaviors and. Suggested that clients & Tompkins, P. ( 2001, may ) I give Chuck the and., at his first session a client can contact inner spiritual resources and reclaim lost energy use. Rhythmical fashion without sound his back as non-directive therapy a certain stage the process takes over and both types thought! Chuck can focus on plans for new behaviors peace and I grab hold the... Able to deal with the fantasy of the clients metaphor and words ( in bold ) explore. Suggest you buy several relatively inexpensive white erase boards and an ample supply of markers sharp focus on plans new.