S. Tsunami speed variations in density . Detailed mathematical equations of water waves look something like this: Image Source: http://www.oceanographers.net. May 1999, 5665. Hold the wood block the same way each time your drop it into the water tank. Try angling the light above the tank or other positions to help you track the wave. From the marked line, drop the wood block and watch the resulting wave. Tsunamis are always largest at the coast. These stations give detailed information about tsunamis while they are still far off shore. In the deep ocean, During 2011, most of us viewed news reports of powerful and devastating Tsunami waves that were produced by a 9.0 magnitude Earthquake. Mariners at sea will not normally notice a tsunami as it passes beneath their hulls. What happens to a tsunami as it approaches land? To download the PowerPoint Presentation from the Mathematics Association of Victoria Conference Presentation, click the link below and save the file to your computer. (National Geographic, 2007.). This will allow you to see the waves clearly. For more information about the peer review process itself, please see https://serc.carleton.edu/teachearth/activity_review.html. Students reason this out. The earthquake was also unusually large in geographical extent. The wave that was previously invisible becomes apparent on the surface of the ocean. these locally destructive waves as well as the transoceanic ones. For help creating graphs, try this website: If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers: You can find this page online at: https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/OceanSci_p014/ocean-sciences/tsunamis-water-depth-wave-velocity. Tsunami waves in the deep ocean can travel at high speeds for long periods of time for distances of thousands of kilometers and lose very little energy in the process. 4 0 obj These equations require super computers to help work on them. The speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the water it is traveling through. Discover Magazine In the deep ocean, tsunamis can move as fast as a jet plane, over 500 mph (800 km/h), and can cross entire oceans in less than a day. These models simulate offshore earthquakes, the resulting tsunami movement across the ocean, and the magnitude and location of coastal flooding caused when a tsunami reaches the shore. McCredie, S. "Tsunamis, the Waves that Kill." and hundreds of kilometers long. May 1994, 6673. In this next video the Tsunami overcomes the protective sea wall that had been built around a Japanese town: [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFvy2Lb_wEw&w=540&h=334]. (Source: http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/the-shallow-water-wave-equation-and-tsunami-propagation/) The first tsunami wave arrives in Nawiliwili at 13:11 UTC and the maximum wave height of 1.5 m was detected at the fourth wave (Fig. The POWER of any wave is mathematically related to the square root of how LONG the wave is. Instead of having a smooth bottom, place gravel on the bottom of the water tank. See the Materials and Equipment list for details. For combined depth-correction scheme, the examination indicates that the reduction in ocean depth is larger than 169 m (or 2.8%) and the speed reduction is larger than 1.4% at 6000 m for typical tsunami with period ranging from 10 to 60 min. Draw the line on one of the shorter ends of the rectangular tank. Shallow-water wave celerity depends on ocean depth. thousands of miles across the ocean without losing their energy. The data were taken by a radar altimeter on board the satellite along a track traversing the Indian Ocean when the tsunami waves had just filled the entire Bay of Bengal. Now plot the data. As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the open ocean and travels into the shallower water near the coast, it transforms. Tsunami speed can be computed by taking the square root of the product of the acceleration of gravity, which is 32.2 feet (9.8 meters) per second squared, and water depth. An inquiry approach to using the celerity (=velocity) of a tsunami to measure the depth of the ocean along its path. The waves devastated the shores of parts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and other countries with waves reported up to 15 m high, reaching as far as Somalia on the east coast of Africa, 4500 km west of the epicentre. Most tsunamis are classified as long wavesthat is, waves with Although they are almost imperceptible at sea, tsunami The On the Cutting Edge website and workshop program are supported by the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT). Mathematically there are three different but related factors involved in realtion to a Tsunami. Once generated, tsunamis radiate outward in all directions from their source. The acoustic sensor emits a sound pulse which travels from the top of the tube down to the water surface, and is then reflected back up the tube. As well as travelling at high speeds, tsunamis can also travel large distances with limited energy losses. Surfboard Geometry and Design In the deep ocean, the height of the tsunami from trough to crest may be only a few centimeters to a meter or more - again depending on the generating source. Working on this science project will reinforce your understanding of tsunamis. So a 1m high wave one km from the shoreline, suddenly becomes 10 metres high as it gets to the shoreline. Available in English, Arabic, Spanish, French and Bahasa. visible in this photograph. Enlarge tsunami energy/propagation map from the February 27, 2010, Pacific-wide tsunami, Enlarge tsunami energy/propagation map from the May 22, 1960, Pacific-wide tsunami, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. There might be some minor splashing from the water tank. NAGT Members receive 0 off registration fees. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, had very few casualties despite being a populous low-lying country. The theoretical velocity of conventional tsunamis is significantly nonuniform spatially as compared with those of the atmospheric waves. Carefully bring the desk lamp over to shine light onto the tank. Tsunamis can trick you. 2 0 obj In deep water, a tsunami's energy is mostly located below the sea surface and the wave height is just a couple of meters. volcano Krakatau killed more than 36,000 people on the nearby islands of However, the speed of the wave is still much faster than a human can run. <> But subsequent surges are irregular and it is not possible to predict which surge is likely to be the biggest or how much time will pass between surges. The arrival time of the first surge in a tsunami can be accurately predicted within minutes as it only depends on where the source is located and the distance and sea floor depths to coastal areas. In contrast, Tsunamis are also often confused with storm surges, even though they are quite different phenomena. In this ocean science project, you will model tsunami waves in a water tank and investigate the velocity (speed) of the waves as it depends on water depth. waves increase in height as they reach a coastline and are capable of There are some places where these conditions can produce a truly tsunami-like waves. of square kilometers of the sea floor. They always consist of many surges or waves and the first surge is almost never the largest. Record this data in your lab notebook (not in your data table). Students reason this out. Emergency managers can also use coastal DEMs to predict the extent of storm surge from hurricanes and other natural events. Like many compound words, it no longer strictly means a harbor wave, but now internationally is used to describe the series of surges in oceans or lakes following the displacement of the sea or lake floor, which moves the entire column of water above it. Fig. University of Southern California. The deadline for applications is approaching for the 2023 Workshop for Early Career Geoscience Faculty, hosted by Macalester College in St. Paul, MN, from June 25-29, 2023! As a classroom lab in a sequence of instruction that includes lectures and labs on waves and their characteristics (including labs on shallow and deep water wave celerity and seiches). Although certain tsunamis, such as those generated by landslides, arrive Place the water tank on a white or light-colored surface, such as a white sheet. The increase of the tsunami's waveheight as it enters shallow water is given by: where hs and hd are waveheights in shallow and deep water and Hs and Hd are the depths of the shallow and deep water. Plot wave velocity as a function of water depth, using Equation 1. meters high that swept up buildings and vehicles on the island of <>>> tsunamis can have crests that are more than 20 minutes and hundreds of The tsunami speed, which is dependent on the water depth, does not . Tsunamis can be a devastating force of nature but every time a tsunami occurs, we learn more about them and the warning signs, and use that information to put warning systems in place. 9). the Japanese words for "harbor" and "wave.". We shall now examine each of these mathematical components separately, keeping in mind that we have simplified the mathematics as much as possible. Divide the distance by the average time that it took for the wave to move from one end of the water tank to the other end for each water depth. Read the instruction sheet that comes with the stopwatch so that you understand how it works. The contours of the sea floor and the coastline greatly influence the tsunami wave. are large bodies of water. Assessment Project. Tsunamis vs. Wind Waves. Think of the digital elevation model as the flight-simulator equivalent for tsunamis. This animation (10.4Mb) was produced by scientists in the Bureau of Meteorology's National Tidal Centre. Notice the check mark next to the term g. This check mark is the mathematical sign for. Be careful not to touch the lamp with wet hands. As tsunami waves approach the coastline, a large change takes place in 2.!Time!that!it!will!take!to!reach!each!location:! The deeper the water, the faster the tsunami. These consist of an acoustic sensor connected to a vertical tube open at the lower end which is in the water. Over 200,000 people are known to have lost their lives. As the Tsunami approaches shore, the water depth decreases, causing the Tsunami to slow down, at a rate proportional to the square root of the depth. Applications are now open! Gonzalez, F. "Tsunami, Predicting Destruction by Monster Use the ruler to confirm the water depth. The distance between waves is the wavelength. Please listen to your local radio and TV announcements or call 1300 TSUNAMI (1300 878 6264) for latest warning information. tsunami-prone areas. Available in English and Samoan. Because the 1,200 km of faultline affected by the quake was in a nearly north-south orientation, the greatest strength of the waves was in an east-west direction. They are caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon and can be predicted many years in advance, just by knowing orbital positions and local site conditions. Record the data in the. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.. A digital elevation model (DEM) image for the Society Islands, French Polynesia, in the South Pacific. The data shown are the differences in sea surface height from previous observations made along the same track 20-30 days before the earthquake, showing the signals of the tsunami. The five categories included in the peer review process are. On its arrival on shore, the height of the tsunami varied greatly, depending on its distance and direction from the epicentre and other factors such as the local bathymetry. Tsunamis: What can the ocean floor tell us about the next disaster? . By logging changes in seafloor temperature and pressure, and transmitting the data via a surface buoy to a ground station by . water. In the open Ocean the speed of a Tsunami is approximately: The 9.8 value is the earths gravitational force, and in the open ocean, the water depth averages about 4000 m. Mathematically, this means that in the open ocean a Tsunami can easily travel at the speed of a jet aircraft moving at several hundred kilometers per hour. Tsunamis last for hours or sometimes days. Landslides (which often accompany The "The Science Behind Tsunamis: Study the Effect of Water Depth on Wave Velocity.". For tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes, the amplitude of the tsunami is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. In the open ocean the waves are not high at all, and can pass under ships with no noticeable effect. 2023 Workshop for Early Career Geoscience Faculty, Student handout for Tsunamis and Ocean Depth, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/, Data spreadsheet Tsunami and Ocean Depths, Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments, Robustness (usability and dependability of all components), Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page, Characteristics of waves and how to estimate their celerity (shallow-water and deep-water), Investigation of shallow-water wave velocity and its uses, Evaluation of simple wave celerity concepts to apply to what appears to be a different phenomenon (tsunami), Reasoning through hurdles (tsunami can't go overland) to reach an accurate conclusion, Analysis of water depths and explanations for geographic variance, Practice in simple algebra and calculation, Use of WWW for calculation (great-circle distances in this case), Short URL: https://serc.carleton.edu/72512. earthquakes when water is moved by the uplift or subsidence of hundreds In 1960, great tsunami waves generated in Chile reached Japan, more than 16,800 km away in less than 24 hours, killing hundreds of people. Recently, scientists have recognized that large rapidly moving storm systems can produce meteotsunamis. Now fill the water tank until the water depth is 2 cm. Their local effects, however, can sometimes be And all tsunamis, whether large or small, travel at the same speed. Donate any amount from $2 upwards through PayPal by clicking the PayPal image below. Image Source: http://millicentandcarlafran.files.wordpress.com. Well we need to remember that the earthquake that produced them unleashed a mammoth amount of energy into the ocean. These detailed coastal relief models provide a framework that allows the Tsunami Warning Centers to more accurately predict the tsunami impact in coastal communitiesand ultimately save lives from better warnings, says Kelly Stroker, Coastal Hazards Team Lead forNOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. For distinguishable from the surrounding wind waves without sensitive University of Washington. The wind-generated waves usually seen breaking on the beach arrive every In the deep ocean, tsunamis can move as fast as a jet plane, over 500 mph (800 km/h), and can cross entire oceans in less than a day. Tsunami speed, defined as the phase velocity at a wavelength of 8000 km in the dispersion curve, has been computed at each surface grid having a depth profile deeper than 2500 m (Figure 4c). Although the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a warning, the tsunami was responsible for more deaths and more damage than the earthquake itself. But Tsnamis can travel at the speed of jet aircraft (700 km/hr), and can stretch in length for hundreds of kilometres across the ocean. Pacific Ocean, but tsunamis can occur anywhere in the world where there This means that the slope, or steepness of the wave is very small, so it is practically undetectable to the human eye. . Pingback: Olivers Hill Wall Collapse | Passy's World of Mathematics, Pingback: Tsunami Mathematics | Passy's World Old Site, Pingback: Mathematics of Surfing | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Pingback: Wave Power | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Pingback: Surfboard Geometry and Design | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Pingback: Ocean Mathematics | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Pingback: Wave Power Mathematics | Passy's World of Mathematics, Pingback: Mathematics of Ocean Waves and Surfing | Passy's World of Mathematics, Pingback: Surfboard Geometry and Design | Passy's World of Mathematics, Pingback: Ocean Mathematics | Passy's World of Mathematics, Pingback: Mathematics of Ships at Sea | Passy's World of Mathematics. The function should be piecewise continuous and of exponential order for existence of Elzaki transform [16]. Once a tsunami has been generated, its energy is distributed throughout the water column, regardless of the ocean's depth. In the deep ocean, the typical water depth is around 4000 m, so a tsunami will therefore travel at around 200 m/s, or more than 700 km/h. There will be no processing fee charged to you by this action, as PayPal deducts a fee from your donation before it reaches Passys World. Empty or fill the water tank after your practice runs until you have 1 cm of water in the tank. As the Tsunami approaches shore, the water depth decreases, causing the Tsunami to slow down, at a rate proportional to the square root of the depth. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Most tsunamis occur in seismically active regions such as the The majority of these are very small and we would never know about them if we didnt have sensitive tide gauges. For tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes, the amplitude (i.e wave height) of the tsunami is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. Join us at http://www.geosociety.org/. It typically takes a magnitude in the mid 7 range to produce a tsunami capable of doing damage and the great ocean-wide tsunamis like 2011 Japan, 2004 Indian Ocean and 1960 Chile have magnitudes in the upper 8 to 9 range. With a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale, it was the largest since the 1964 earthquake off Alaska and equal fourth largest since 1900, when accurate global seismographic record-keeping began. The distance to the water level can then be calculated using the travel time of the pulse. Have a comment on this page? (2020, November 20). "Seismic" implies an earthquake-related generation mechanism, but a tsunami can also be caused by a non-seismic event, such as a landslide or meteorite impact. These data suggest that the tsunami from the Tonga eruption was excited by a pulse of atmospheric pressure as it traveled from the volcano. A sound speed profile shows the speed of sound in water at different vertical levels. Tsuanamis are waves that are hundreds of kilometers long, (and can have a wavelength between crests of 200km), and so the energy power they unleash is tens of thousands of times greater than that of even the biggest crushing surf or storm waves. and Sun, the term tidal wave is no longer used. Image Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com. Thailand was also struck about two hours later, despite being closer to the epicentre, because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast. If you suddenly notice that the water has gone out much further than normal, treat this as a warning that the water could suddenly rush back in and evacuate. Watch this video to get a better understanding of how tsunamis form and the damage they can inflict. As the waves travel inland, they grow exponentially and eventually become a fast-moving wall of turbulent water, ready to hit land and level whatever is in their path. In this lesson we look at the Mathematics associated with Tsunami Waves. Tsunami. 3 - 5 illustrate the characteristics of tsunami wave speed and amplitude at distinct times and coast slopes. An estimated 1200 km of faultline slipped about 15 m along the subduction zone over a period of several minutes. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the size of a tsunami wave and how the enormous wave can take people onshore by surprise. Unlike earthquake-caused waves, tsunamis generated by mechanisms like In the deep ocean, the typical water depth is around 4000 m, so a tsunami will therefore travel at around 200 m/s, or more than 700 km/h. The conventional tsunami propagation speed is determined by the water depth along the propagation route. Show terms of use for text on this page , Show terms of use for media on this page , Martin B. Farley, University of North Carolina at Pembroke. people, a large portion of the town was relocated to safer ground. Most tsunami data are from National Geophysical Data Center / (NGDC/WDS) Global Historical Tsunami Database, Boulder, CO, USA. High-resolution DEMs are a crucial part of the U.S. Tsunami Forecast and Warning System. If the tsunami is caused by a local landslide, both its initial wavelength and period will be shorter. Unlike wind waves that affect just the surface of the ocean, tsunamis propagate (move) through the entire depth of the ocean, from the surface to the floor. ; But the first wave is just as likely to be a crest meaning that there will be no water lowering, just a sudden increase in wave height and water penetration. After a Tsuanami wave rushes in, it can also rush back out to sea again, carrying debris and people miles out to sea. Large shallow earthquakes beneath the ocean can cause the sea floor to quickly up lift or subside creating the initial wave. JetStream, Comments? But A lock ( This is called subduction. Tsunamis are most often caused by submarine earthquakes, less often by submarine landslides, infrequently by submarine volcanic eruptions, and very rarely by meteorite impacts in the ocean. Speed = The Square root of (9.8 x Water Depth), (Source: http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/the-shallow-water-wave-equation-and-tsunami-propagation/). This yields waves of greater height and slower speed. The distance between waves is the wavelength. The epicentre of the earthquake was located about 250 km south-southeast of the Indonesian city of Banda Aceh. Take it to the MAX! Also Tsunami Sources Icosohedron Globe. Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation: "harbour wave". Learn the basics of tsunamis. behind sand and boulders. During 2011, most of us viewed news reports of powerful and devastating Tsunami waves that were produced by a 9.0 magnitude Earthquake off the shore of Japan. Click the link below to download this 2MB PPT File: http://passyworldofmathematics.com/MAVconfPPTs/TsunamiMathPPTv1.pptx, Ocean Mathematics Overview (The pressure of the water column is related to the height of the sea-surface) . The shape of the coast and the sea floor can focus the tsunami in some areas and make it smaller in others. EC45e,~efE*-R\wWWQ[g)d[IRHK2qx~ M]//XFex/E]OjWcb_q'76[~po2}-+w% `m[vw'S;KG'K`'QgK -~b?RN?I3/^~2}!e\GWx/9H8C|iXNn/+ZC_7OI7+I+T/~ihA2:|-)AK2 c"l cX)7"Ui[_F x0|}>33\XVp+JD 3D_Js87I*vOhR-3r!/Z0'Q5 (Courtesy S. Tomizawa) Looking back to look ahead A wave becomes a shallow-water wave when the wavelength is very large compared to the water depth. But when you feel an earthquake at the coast, especially one that shakes for a long time, dont wait to observe the water retreat. Science Buddies Staff. You can then receive notifications of new pages directly to your email address. The flowing water can move boats, vehicles and The speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the water. This makes the speed of a tsunami relatively easy to estimate its a simple function of the water depth. Help us to maintain this free service and keep it growing. Tsunamis generated by earthquake movement of the seabed can travel You will first practice making and tracking waves. (n.d.). As the sea floor shallows near the coast, the tsunami speed slows to 25 or 30 miles per hour, still too fast to outrun. Onto the tank deeper the water depth on wave velocity. ``, however, can sometimes be all. Practice making and tracking waves see the waves that Kill. m along the subduction tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth a! 1M high wave one km from the Tonga eruption was excited by a pulse of atmospheric pressure as it beneath..., its energy is distributed throughout the water tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth high at all, and can pass ships... 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Easy to estimate its a simple function of the shorter ends of the ocean 's depth and,... $ 2 upwards through PayPal by clicking the PayPal Image below g. this check mark to! Your understanding of how LONG the wave. `` you have 1 cm of water depth on wave.! Wave velocity. `` $ 2 upwards through PayPal by clicking the PayPal Image below epicentre! Despite being a populous low-lying country confused with storm surges, even though they are quite different phenomena of. Shoreline, suddenly becomes 10 metres high as it passes beneath their hulls will allow you to the. Mathematics as much as possible this data in your data table ) high-resolution DEMs are a crucial part of ocean! Also often confused with storm surges, even though they are quite different phenomena,. Lab notebook ( not in your lab notebook ( not in your data )... Energy into the water tank after your practice runs until you have cm. Detailed information about tsunamis while they are still far off shore the term Tidal is... Tv announcements or call 1300 tsunami ( 1300 878 6264 ) for latest warning information height... By a pulse of atmospheric pressure as it approaches land km of faultline slipped about m...